Interactions | Reactions | Processes

Classified as: British A-Level Chemistry: A2

The British university entrance exam system is called "A-Level" (Advanced level), and it is used in many countries.

A-Level courses courses usually last two years. Half way through the course, a series of "AS" exams are taken. At the end there are the more difficult "A2" exams.

Confusingly, there are four boards offering chemistry A-Level, and they irritatingly differ in detail. The four boards are:
AQA
OCR
Edexcel
WJCE

(CH3)3COH
  +  
HCl(conc)
         
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
KMnO4
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[NO2]+
         
  +  
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
HNO3
  +  
H2SO4
         
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3I
  +  
Mg
         
CH3MgI

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3MgI
  +  
H2O
         
CH4
  +  
Mg2+
  +  
[OH]–
  +  
I–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
Fe
  +  
6
H+
         
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
2
Fe3+

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
3
Sn
  +  
6
H+
         
  +  
3
Sn2+
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
H+
  +  
CH3NH2
         
[CH3NH3]+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Ba2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Ba

Go To Reaction Data Page
Be2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Be

Go To Reaction Data Page
Br2
  +  
2
e–
         
2
Br–

Go To Reaction Data Page
Ca2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Ca

Go To Reaction Data Page
CO2
  +  
2
H+
  +  
2
e–
         
CO
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
HClO
  +  
2
H+
  +  
2
e–
         
Cl2
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
[Cr2O7]2–
  +  
14
H+
  +  
6
e–
         
2
Cr3+
  +  
7
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cr3+
  +  
e–
         
Cr2+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cr3+
  +  
3
e–
         
Cr

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cr2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Cr

Go To Reaction Data Page
Co2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Co

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cu2+
  +  
e–
         
Cu+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cu2+
  +  
Cl–
  +  
e–
         
CuCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cu2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Cu

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cu+
  +  
e–
         
Cu

Go To Reaction Data Page
CuCl
  +  
e–
         
Cu
  +  
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page
F2
  +  
2
e–
         
2
F–

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
H+
  +  
2
e–
         
H2

Go To Reaction Data Page
I2
  +  
2
e–
  +  
H2O
         
2
I–

Go To Reaction Data Page
Fe3+
  +  
e–
         
Fe2+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Fe3+
  +  
3
e–
         
Fe

Go To Reaction Data Page
Fe2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Fe

Go To Reaction Data Page
Li+
  +  
e–
         
Li

Go To Reaction Data Page
Mg2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Mg

Go To Reaction Data Page
[MnO4]–
  +  
8
H+
  +  
5
e–
         
Mg2+
  +  
4
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Mg2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Mn

Go To Reaction Data Page
Ni2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Ni

Go To Reaction Data Page
[NO3]–
  +  
3
H+
  +  
2
e–
         
HNO2
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
NO
  +  
O2
         
2
NO2

Go To Reaction Data Page
O2
  +  
4
H+
  +  
4
e–
         
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
O2
  +  
2
H+
  +  
2
e–
         
HOOH

Go To Reaction Data Page
O2
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
4
e–
         
4
[OH]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
O3
  +  
2
H+
  +  
2
e–
         
O2
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
K+
  +  
e–
         
K

Go To Reaction Data Page
Ag+
  +  
e–
         
Ag

Go To Reaction Data Page
Na+
  +  
e–
         
Na

Go To Reaction Data Page
Sr2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Sr

Go To Reaction Data Page
[SO4]2–
  +  
4
H+
  +  
2
e–
         
H2SO3
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
H2SO3
  +  
4
H+
  +  
4
e–
         
S
  +  
3
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
S
  +  
2
H+
  +  
2
e–
         
H2S

Go To Reaction Data Page
Sn2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Sn

Go To Reaction Data Page
V3+
  +  
e–
         
V2+

Go To Reaction Data Page
V2+
  +  
2
e–
         
V

Go To Reaction Data Page
Zn2+
  +  
2
e–
         
Zn

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
Cl2
  +  
AlCl3
         
  +  
H+
  +  
[AlCl4]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
Pt
         
  +  
3
H2

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[OH]–
         
  +  
  +  
Br–

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3I
  +  
(CH3)3N
         
[(CH3)4N]+
  +  
I–

Go To Reaction Data Page
HNO3
  +  
2
H2SO4
         
[NO2]+
  +  
2
[HSO4]–
  +  
[H3O]+

Go To Reaction Data Page
CO
  +  
2
H2
         
CH3OH

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3COOH
  +  
CH3CH2OH
  +  
H+
         
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
3
H2
  +  
Ni
         
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
H2O
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
(CH3CO)2CO
         
  +  
CH3COOH

Go To Reaction Data Page
Fe2O3
  +  
3
C
         
2
Fe
  +  
3
CO

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cr2O3
  +  
2
Al
         
2
Cr
  +  
Al2O3

Go To Reaction Data Page
TiCl4
  +  
2
Mg
  +  
Ar
         
Ti
  +  
2
MgCl2

Go To Reaction Data Page
TiCl4
  +  
4
Na
  +  
Ar
         
Ti
  +  
4
NaCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
Na2O
  +  
H2O
         
2
NaOH

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
NaCl
  +  
H2SO4
         
2
HCl
  +  
Na2SO4

Go To Reaction Data Page
Be
  +  
2
NaOH
  +  
2
H2O
         
2
Na+
  +  
[Be(OH)4]2–
  +  
H2

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
CH3CH2Cl
  +  
AlCl3
         
  +  
H+
  +  
[AlCl4]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
Fe2O3
  +  
3
CO
         
2
Fe
  +  
3
CO2

Go To Reaction Data Page
Ag+
  +  
2
[CN]–
         
[Ag(CN)2]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
SiCl4
  +  
4
H2O
         
Si(OH)4
  +  
4
HCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
NH3
  +  
HCl
         
NH4Cl

Go To Reaction Data Page
PCl3
  +  
Cl2
         
PCl5

Go To Reaction Data Page

3
Cu
  +  
8
HNO3(aq)
         
3
Cu(NO3)2
  +  
2
NO
  +  
4
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
Na2S2O3
  +  
I2
  +  
Starch
         
Na2S4O6
  +  
2
NaI

Go To Reaction Data Page
[SO3]2–
  +  
HOOH
         
[SO4]2–
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

5
HOOH
  +  
2
[MnO4]–
  +  
6
H+
         
5
O2
  +  
2
Mg2+
  +  
8
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
HOOH
         
2
H2O
  +  
O2

Go To Reaction Data Page
HOOH
  +  
Cl2
         
2
HCl
  +  
O2

Go To Reaction Data Page

4
I–
  +  
O2
  +  
4
H+
         
2
I2
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
TiO2
  +  
2
C
  +  
2
Cl2
         
TiCl4
  +  
2
CO

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3CH3
         
H2C=CH2
  +  
H2

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
HBr
         
(CH3)3CBr

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
FeO.Fe2O3
         
  +  
H2

Go To Reaction Data Page
H2C=CH2
  +  
Cl2
  +  
FeCl3
         
CH2ClCH2Cl

Go To Reaction Data Page
H2C=CH2
  +  
Br2
         

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
  +  
O2
         
2
CH3CH2COOH

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
H2
  +  
Pd
on C
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
HCN
  +  
[OH]–
         

Go To Reaction Data Page

1000
  +  
1000
         
Terylene
  +  
2000
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

1000
  +  
1000
         
Nylon-6,6
  +  
2000
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
SO2
  +  
H2O
         
H2SO3

Go To Reaction Data Page
SiO2
  +  
2
C
  +  
2
Cl2
         
SiCl4
  +  
2
CO

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH2ClCH2Cl
  +  
4
NH3
         
  +  
2
NH4Cl

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
H2C=CH2
  +  
HCl
  +  
AlCl3
         

Go To Reaction Data Page

1000
  +  
1000
         
Terylene
  +  
1000
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Peanut
Oil
  +  
H2O
  +  
NaOH(aq)
         
  +  
Oleic Acid
  +  
Linoleic
Acid
  +  
CH3(CH2)14COOH

Go To Reaction Data Page
Peanut
Oil
  +  
Coconut
Oil
  +  
KOH
  +  
H2O
         
Soap
  +  

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cu2+
  +  
4
Cl–
         

[CuCl4]2–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
HCN
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3CH2Br
  +  
2
NH3
         
CH3CH2NH2
  +  
NH4Br

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
CH3COCl
  +  
AlCl3
         
  +  
HCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[CH3CO]+
         
  +  
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[CH3CO]+
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
         
  +  
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3NH2
  +  
H2O
         
[CH3NH3]+
  +  
[OH]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3CN
  +  
LiAlH4
  +  
4
[H]
         
CH3CH2NH2

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3Br
  +  
KCN
         
CH3CN
  +  
KBr

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3COCl
  +  
NH3
         
CH3CONH2
  +  
HCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
AgNO3
  +  
HCl(aq)
  +  
H2O
         
AgCl
  +  
HNO3(aq)

Go To Reaction Data Page
(CH3CO)2CO
  +  
H2O
         
2
CH3COOH

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3COCl
  +  
H2O
         
CH3COOH
  +  
HCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3COCl
  +  
2
CH3CH2NH2
         
  +  
[CH3CH2NH3]+
  +  
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
Fehling's
Solution
         
  +  
Cu2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
Tollens'
Reagent
         
  +  
Ag

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
(CH3CO)2CO
         
  +  
CH3COOH

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cu2+
  +  
6
H2O
         

[Cu(H2O)6]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page
CuSO4
  +  
6
H2O
         

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
[SO4]2–

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cu2+
  +  
         
[Cu(EDTA)]2–

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
         
[Cu(EDTA)]2–
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
Fe2+
  +  
         
  +  
2
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Ag+
  +  
2
NH3
         
[Ag(NH3)2]+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Ag+
  +  
2
         
[Ag(S2O3)2]3–

Go To Reaction Data Page
Ag+
  +  
2
[CN]–
         
[Ag(CN)2]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
Fe2+
  +  
6
H2O
         

[Fe(H2O)6]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Fe3+
  +  
6
H2O
         

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cr2+
  +  
6
H2O
         

[Cr(H2O)6]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cr3+
  +  
6
H2O
         

[Cr(H2O)6]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
6
NH3(aq)
         

[Cr(NH3)6]2+
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Co2+
  +  
6
H2O
         

[Co(H2O)6]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
NH3(aq)
         

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
  +  
4
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Co2+
  +  
4
Cl–
         

[CoCl4]2–

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cu2+
  +  
4
Cl–
         

[CuCl4]2–

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]2+
         

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
e–

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
e–
         

[Cr(H2O)6]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
Cl–
         

[CuCl4]2–
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
Cl–
         

[CoCl4]2–
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
[MnO4]–
  +  
5
e–
  +  
8
H+
  +  
2
H2O
         

[Mn(H2O)6]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Fe2+
  +  
3
         

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]2+
  +  
3
         
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
         
  +  
6

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
3
         
  +  
6

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
[CrO4]2–
  +  
2
H+
         
[Cr2O7]2–
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
[Cr2O7]2–
  +  
2
NaOH(aq)
         
2
[CrO4]2–
  +  
2
Na+
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Ni2+
  +  
3
         
[Ni(en)3]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
3
[C2O4]2–
         
[Fe(C2O4)3]3–
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
[SCN]–
         

[Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]2+
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Zn
         
Zn2+
  +  
2
e–

Go To Reaction Data Page
[VO3]–
  +  
2
H+
         

[VO2]+
[VO(H2O)5]3+
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
NH4VO3
  +  
2
HCl(aq)
         

[VO2]+
[VO(H2O)5]3+
  +  
Cl–
  +  
H2O
  +  
NH4Cl

Go To Reaction Data Page

[VO2]+
[VO(H2O)5]3+
  +  
Zn
  +  
2
H+
  +  
4
H2O
         

[VO]2+
[VO(H2O)5]2+
  +  
Zn2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[VO]2+
[VO(H2O)5]2+
  +  
Zn
  +  
2
HCl(aq)
         

[VCl2(H2O)4]+
  +  
Zn2+
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[VO]2+
[VO(H2O)5]2+
  +  
Zn
  +  
H2SO4(aq)
         

[V(H2O)6]3+
  +  
Zn2+
  +  
[SO4]2–

Go To Reaction Data Page

[VCl2(H2O)4]+
  +  
Zn
  +  
2
H2O
         

[V(H2O)6]2+
  +  
Zn2+
  +  
2
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page

[V(H2O)6]3+
  +  
Zn
         

[V(H2O)6]2+
  +  
Zn2+

Go To Reaction Data Page
[Cr2O7]2–
  +  
3
Zn
  +  
14
H+
         
2
Cr3+
  +  
3
Zn2+
  +  
7
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
[Cr2O7]2–
  +  
3
Zn
  +  
14
HCl(aq)
  +  
H2O
         
2
[CrCl2(H2O)4]+
  +  
3
Zn2+
  +  
10
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page
[CrCl2(H2O)4]+
  +  
Zn
  +  
2
H2O
         

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
Zn2+
  +  
2
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
[MnO4]–
  +  
5
Zn
  +  
16
H+
  +  
4
H2O
         
2

[Mn(H2O)6]2+
  +  
5
Zn2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
[MnO4]–
  +  
5
Zn
  +  
16
HCl(aq)
  +  
4
H2O
         
2

[Mn(H2O)6]2+
  +  
5
Zn2+
  +  
16
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page

5
Fe2+
  +  
[MnO4]–
  +  
8
H+
         
5
Fe3+
  +  
Mg2+
  +  
4
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

5

[Fe(H2O)6]2+
  +  
[MnO4]–
  +  
4
H2SO4(aq)
  +  
2
H2O
         
5

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  

[Mn(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
[SO4]2–

Go To Reaction Data Page

6
Fe2+
  +  
[Cr2O7]2–
  +  
14
H+
         
6
Fe3+
  +  
2
Cr3+
  +  
7
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

6

[Fe(H2O)6]2+
  +  
[Cr2O7]2–
  +  
7
H2SO4(aq)
         
6

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
2
Cr3+
  +  
7
H2O
  +  
7
[SO4]2–

Go To Reaction Data Page

2

[Cr(OH)6]3–
  +  
3
HOOH
         
2
[CrO4]2–
  +  
2
[OH]–
  +  
8
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]2+
  +  
2
NaOH(aq)
         

Fe(H2O)4(OH)2
Fe(OH)2
  +  
2
Na+
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]2+
  +  
6
NaOH(aq)
         

Fe(H2O)4(OH)2
Fe(OH)2
  +  
2
Na+
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
4
NaOH(aq)

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]2+
  +  
2
NH3(aq)
         

Fe(H2O)4(OH)2
Fe(OH)2
  +  
2
[NH4]+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]2+
  +  
2
NH3(aq)
         

Fe(H2O)4(OH)2
Fe(OH)2
  +  
2
[NH4]+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]2+
  +  
[CO3]2–
         
FeCO3
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
2
NaOH(aq)
         

Co(H2O)4(OH)2
Co(OH)2
  +  
2
Na+
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
6
NaOH(aq)
         

Co(H2O)4(OH)2
Co(OH)2
  +  
2
Na+
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
4
NaOH(aq)

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
2
NH3(aq)
         

Co(H2O)4(OH)2
Co(OH)2
  +  
2
[NH4]+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
6
NH3(aq)
         

[Co(NH3)6]2+
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
[CO3]2–
         

CoCO3
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
2
NaOH(aq)
         

Cu(H2O)4(OH)2
Cu(OH)2
  +  
2
Na+
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
6
NaOH(aq)
         

Cu(H2O)4(OH)2
Cu(OH)2
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
2
Na+
  +  
4
NaOH(aq)

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
2
NH3(aq)
         

Cu(H2O)4(OH)2
Cu(OH)2
  +  
2
[NH4]+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
NH3(aq)
         

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
  +  
4
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
[CO3]2–
         
CuCO3
(unknown)
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
3
NaOH(aq)
         

Fe(H2O)3(OH)3
Fe(OH)3
  +  
3
H2O
  +  
3
Na+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
6
NaOH(aq)
         

Fe(H2O)3(OH)3
Fe(OH)3
  +  
3
H2O
  +  
3
Na+
  +  
3
NaOH(aq)

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
3
NH3(aq)
         

Fe(H2O)3(OH)3
Fe(OH)3
  +  
3
[NH4]+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
6
NH3(aq)
         

Fe(H2O)3(OH)3
Fe(OH)3
  +  
3
[NH4]+
  +  
3
NH3

Go To Reaction Data Page

2

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
3
[CO3]2–
         
2

Fe(H2O)3(OH)3
Fe(OH)3
  +  
3
CO2
  +  
3
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
[Al(H2O)6]3+
  +  
3
NaOH(aq)
         
Al(H2O)3(OH)3
Al(OH)3
  +  
3
H2O
  +  
3
Na+

Go To Reaction Data Page
[Al(H2O)6]3+
  +  
4
NaOH(aq)
         
[Al(OH)4]–
  +  
4
Na+
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Al(H2O)3(OH)3
Al(OH)3
  +  
NaOH(aq)
         
[Al(OH)4]–
  +  
Na+
  +  
3
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Al(H2O)3(OH)3
Al(OH)3
  +  
3
H+
         
[Al(H2O)6]3+

Go To Reaction Data Page
[Al(H2O)6]3+
  +  
3
NH3(aq)
         
Al(H2O)3(OH)3
Al(OH)3
  +  
3
[NH4]+

Go To Reaction Data Page
[Al(H2O)6]3+
  +  
6
NH3(aq)
         
Al(H2O)3(OH)3
Al(OH)3
  +  
3
[NH4]+
  +  
3
NH3

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
[Al(H2O)6]3+
  +  
3
[CO3]2–
         
2
Al(H2O)3(OH)3
Al(OH)3
  +  
3
CO2
  +  
3
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
3
NaOH(aq)
         

Cr(H2O)3(OH)3
Cr(OH)3
  +  
3
Na+
  +  
3
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
6
NaOH(aq)
         

[Cr(OH)6]3–
  +  
6
H2O
  +  
6
Na+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
3
NH3(aq)
         

Cr(H2O)3(OH)3
Cr(OH)3
  +  
3
[NH4]+

Go To Reaction Data Page

2

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
3
[CO3]2–
         
2

Cr(H2O)3(OH)3
Cr(OH)3
  +  
3
CO2
  +  
3
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

Cr(H2O)3(OH)3
Cr(OH)3
  +  
6
NH3(aq)
         

[Cr(NH3)6]2+
  +  
3
H2O
  +  
3
[OH]–

Go To Reaction Data Page

Fe(H2O)4(OH)2
Fe(OH)2
  +  
2
H+
         

[Fe(H2O)6]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

Co(H2O)4(OH)2
Co(OH)2
  +  
2
H+
         

[Co(H2O)6]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

Cu(H2O)4(OH)2
Cu(OH)2
  +  
2
H+
         

[Cu(H2O)6]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

Fe(H2O)3(OH)3
Fe(OH)3
  +  
3
H+
         

[Fe(H2O)6]3+

Go To Reaction Data Page

Cr(H2O)3(OH)3
Cr(OH)3
  +  
3
H+
         

[Cr(H2O)6]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

4

[Co(NH3)6]2+
  +  
O2
  +  
2
H2O
         
4

[Co(NH3)6]3+
  +  
4
[OH]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
SO2
  +  
V2O5
         
SO3
  +  
VO2

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
VO2
  +  
O2
         
2
V2O5

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
I–
  +  
Fe2+
         
2
[SO4]2–
  +  
I2

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
Fe2+
         
2
[SO4]2–
  +  
2
Fe3+

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
Fe3+
  +  
2
I–
         
2
Fe2+
  +  
I2

Go To Reaction Data Page

5
[C2O4]2–
  +  
2
[MnO4]–
  +  
16
H+
  +  
Mg2+
         
10
CO2
  +  
2
Mg2+
  +  
8
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

4
Mg2+
  +  
[MnO4]–
  +  
8
H+
         
5
Mn3+
  +  
4
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
[C2O4]2–
  +  
2
Mn3+
         
2
CO2
  +  
2
Mg2+

Go To Reaction Data Page
AgBr
  +  
2
  +  
hν
         
[Ag(S2O3)2]3–
  +  
Br–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
[Ag(NH3)2]+
  +  
3
NaOH(aq)
         
  +  
2
Ag
  +  
4
NH3
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
3
Na+

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3CHO
  +  
2
[Ag(NH3)2]+
  +  
3
NaOH(aq)
         
[CH3COO]–
  +  
2
Ag
  +  
4
NH3
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
3
Na+

Go To Reaction Data Page
AlCl3
  +  
6
H2O
         
[Al(H2O)6]3+
  +  
3
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page
         
  +  
e–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
e–
         

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
H2O
         

[Co(NH3)6]2+
  +  
[H3O]+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Fe2(SO4)3
.5H2O
  +  
7
H2O
         
2

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
3
[SO4]2–

Go To Reaction Data Page

Cr(H2O)3(OH)3
Cr(OH)3
  +  
3
NaOH(aq)
         

[Cr(OH)6]3–
  +  
3
Na+
  +  
3
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
HCl(conc)
         

[CoCl4]2–
  +  
4
H+
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
TiCl4
  +  
2
H2O
         
TiO2
  +  
4
HCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
AgCl
  +  
2
NH3(aq)
         
[Ag(NH3)2]+
  +  
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page
[Ag(NH3)2]+
  +  
NaBr
  +  
H2O
         
AgBr
  +  
2
NH3
  +  
Na+

Go To Reaction Data Page
AgBr
  +  
2
Na2S2O3
  +  
H2O
         
[Ag(S2O3)2]3–
  +  
4
Na+
  +  
Br–

Go To Reaction Data Page
AgBr
  +  
2
KCN
  +  
H2O
         
[Ag(CN)2]–
  +  
2
K+
  +  
Br–

Go To Reaction Data Page
[Ag(CN)2]–
  +  
e–
  +  
K+
  +  
H2O
         
Ag
  +  
2
[CN]–
  +  
K+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
H2O
         

Cr(H2O)5(OH)]2+

  +  
[H3O]+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
         

Cr(H2O)5(OH)]2+

  +  
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page
CrCl3
  +  
6
H2O
         

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
3
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page

2

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
3
HOOH
  +  
10
NaOH(aq)
         
2
[CrO4]2–
  +  
10
Na+
  +  
20
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Co(NH3)6]2+
  +  
3
         
[Co(en)3]2+
  +  
6
NH3

Go To Reaction Data Page
PCl5
         
PCl3
  +  
Cl2

Go To Reaction Data Page

3
  +  
4
K2Cr2O7
  +  
32
H+
         
3
  +  
8
Cr3+
  +  
8
K+
  +  
22
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

3
CH3CH2OH
  +  
2
[Cr2O7]2–
  +  
16
H+
         
3
CH3COOH
  +  
4
Cr3+
  +  
11
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3CH2OH
  +  
H2O
         
CH3COOH
  +  
4
e–
  +  
4
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3CH2OH
         
CH3CHO
  +  
2
e–
  +  
2
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
H2O
         
  +  
8
H+
  +  
8
e–

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
3
[C2O4]2–
         
[Co(C2O4)3]4–
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3COCl
  +  
AlCl3
         
[CH3CO]+
  +  
[AlCl4]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
H+
  +  
[AlCl4]–
         
AlCl3
  +  
HCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
Al(OH)3
  +  
NaOH
         
[Al(OH)4]–
  +  
Na+

Go To Reaction Data Page
Al(OH)3
  +  
NaOH(aq)
         
[Al(OH)4]–
  +  
Na+

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
Al(OH)3
  +  
3
H2SO4(aq)
         
Al2(SO4)3
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
Al(OH)3
  +  
3
H2SO4(aq)
         
2
Al3+
  +  
3
[SO4]2–
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
SiCl4
  +  
2
H2O
         
SiO2
  +  
4
HCl

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
[MnO4]–
  +  
5
H2SO3
         
2
Mg2+
  +  
5
[SO4]2–
  +  
3
H2O
  +  
4
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
         
[Co(EDTA)]3–
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cu
  +  
2
[NO3]–
  +  
4
H+
         
Cu2+
  +  
2
NO2
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Cu
  +  
4
HNO3
         
Cu(NO3)2
  +  
2
NO2
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
CuCl2
  +  
2
HCl(conc)
         

[CuCl4]2–
  +  
2
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[CuCl4]2–
  +  
Cu
         
[CuCl4]3–
  +  
Cu+

Go To Reaction Data Page
[CuCl4]3–
  +  
H2O
         
CuCl
  +  
3
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page
         
  +  
HBr

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
KOH
  +  
CH3CH2OH
         
  +  
KBr
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
NaOH
  +  
CH3CH2OH
         
  +  
NaBr
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
HBr
         
  +  
Br–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
Br–
         
(CH3)3CBr

Go To Reaction Data Page
         
  +  
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
Br–
         
  +  
HBr

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3COCl
  +  
2
NH3
         
CH3CONH2
  +  
NH4Cl

Go To Reaction Data Page
MgO
  +  
2
HNO3(aq)
         
Mg2+
  +  
2
[NO3]–
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
MgO
  +  
2
H+
  +  
H2O
         
Mg2+
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
SiO2
  +  
2
NaOH
  +  
H2O
         
Na2SiO3
solution
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
SiO2
  +  
2
[OH]–
         
[SiO3]2–
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

3
Na2O
  +  
2
H3PO4
         
2
Na3PO4
  +  
3
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
Na2O
  +  
2
H+
         
2
Na+
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2

[VO2]+
[VO(H2O)5]3+
  +  
3
Zn
  +  
8
H+
  +  
8
H2O
         
2

[V(H2O)6]2+
  +  
3
Zn2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

4
Ag
  +  
O2
  +  
8
[CN]–
  +  
2
H2O
         
4
[Ag(CN)2]–
  +  
4
[OH]–

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
[Ag(CN)2]–
  +  
Zn
         
2
Ag
  +  
Zn2+
  +  
4
[CN]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
AgCl
  +  
HCl(conc)
         
[AgCl2]–
  +  
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
KI
  +  
Br2
         
2
KBr
  +  
I2

Go To Reaction Data Page
CoCl2
  +  
6
H2O
         

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
2
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
NaF
  +  
H2SO4
         
2
HF
  +  
Na2SO4

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
HBr
  +  
H2SO4
         
Br2
  +  
SO2
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
NaBr
  +  
H2SO4
         
2
HBr
  +  
Na2SO4

Go To Reaction Data Page

4
NaBr
  +  
3
H2SO4
         
2
HBr
  +  
2
Na2SO4
  +  
Br2
  +  
SO2
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
NaI
  +  
H2SO4
         
2
HI
  +  
Na2SO4

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
HI
  +  
H2SO4
         
I2
  +  
SO2
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

4
HI
  +  
SO2
         
2
I2
  +  
S
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
HI
  +  
S
         
I2
  +  
H2S

Go To Reaction Data Page
FeSO4.7H2O
  +  
H2O
         

[Fe(H2O)6]2+
  +  
[SO4]2–
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
CH3COCl
         
  +  
HCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
NaI
  +  
H2SO4
         
HI
  +  
I2
  +  
SO2
  +  
S
  +  
H2S

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
         
Gly-Gly
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
         
Ala-Ala
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
NaBH4
  +  
2
[H]
  +  
H2O
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
I2
         
  +  
HI

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[CH3CH2]+
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
         
  +  
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
  +  
HCl
  +  
AlCl3
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
NH3
         
  +  
NH4Cl

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
HCl(aq)
         
  +  
2
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
NaOH(aq)
         
  +  
Na+
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
         
Lys-Lys
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
AlCl3
         
  +  
[AlCl4]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
HCN
         

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
         
  +  
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
CH3CH2OH
         
  +  
HCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH2ClCH2Cl
  +  
2
KCN
         
  +  
2
KCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
KCN
         
  +  
2
KBr

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
4
H2
  +  
Ni
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
LiAlH4
  +  
8
[H]
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3COOH
  +  
KOH
  +  
H2O
         
[CH3COO]–
  +  
K+
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
NO2
         
2
NO
  +  
O2

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[OH]–
         
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
  +  
2
         
Ala-Gly
  +  
Ala-Gly
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
CH3OH
  +  
H2SO4
         
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3NH2
  +  
3
CH3CH2Br
         
  +  
Br–
  +  
2
HBr

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
HNO3
  +  
H2SO4
         
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[OH]–
         
  +  
[CH3COO]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
3
Sn
  +  
6
HCl(conc)
         
  +  
3
Sn2+
  +  
6
Cl–
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
3
H2
  +  
Ni
         
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
H2O
         
H+
  +  
[OH]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
  +  
AlCl3
  +  
HCl
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3CH2COOH
  +  
  +  
H2SO4
         
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
Al(OH)3
         
Al2O3
  +  
3
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
Al(H2O)3(OH)3
Al(OH)3
         
Al2O3
  +  
9
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
e–
         
2

Go To Reaction Data Page

3
  +  
[Cr2O7]2–
  +  
8
H+
         
3
  +  
2
Cr3+
  +  
4
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3CH2OH
  +  
         
Polyethylene
Glycol

Go To Reaction Data Page
AgBr
  +  
2
[CN]–
  +  
H2O
         
[Ag(CN)2]–
  +  
Br–

Go To Reaction Data Page
Ag+
  +  
2
[CN]–
         
[Ag(CN)2]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH2ClCH2Cl
  +  
2
[CN]–
         
  +  
2
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
[CN]–
         
  +  
2
Br–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[O]
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
H2
  +  
Ni
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
H2
  +  
Ni
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
H–
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
NaBH4
  +  
2
[H]
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
LiAlH4
  +  
2
[H]
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
H–
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
NaBH4
  +  
2
[H]
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
LiAlH4
  +  
2
[H]
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[O]
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[O]
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[CN]–
  +  
H+
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
NaCN
  +  
H+
  +  
H2O
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
NaHCO3
         
  +  
Na+
  +  
CO2
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
  +  
Na2CO3
         
2
  +  
2
Na+
  +  
CO2
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3COOH
  +  
NaHCO3
         
CH3COONa
  +  
CO2
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
CH3COOH
  +  
Na2CO3
         
2
CH3COONa
  +  
CO2
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
  +  
H+
         
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[OH]–
  +  
H2O
         
  +  

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
NaOH(aq)
         
CH3COONa
  +  
CH3CH2OH

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
H2O
         
  +  
HCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
NH3
         
  +  
NH4Cl

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
         
  +  
HCl

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
H2O
         
2

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
NH3
         
  +  
  +  
[NH4]+

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
         
  +  

Go To Reaction Data Page
(CH3CO)2CO
  +  
2
CH3NH2
         
  +  
[CH3NH3]+
  +  
[CH3COO]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3COCl
  +  
2
CH3NH2
         
  +  
[CH3NH3]+
  +  
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
  +  
CH3COCl
         
  +  
  +  
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page
HNO3
  +  
H2SO4
         
  +  
[HSO4]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
         
[NO2]+
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[NO2]+
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
HNO3
  +  
H2SO4
         
  +  
H2O
  +  
[HSO4]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
         
  +  
H+

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3CN
  +  
2
H2
  +  
Ni
         
CH3CH2NH2

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3CN
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
H+
         
CH3COOH
  +  
[NH4]+

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
[CN]–
         
  +  

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
H2
  +  
Ni
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
LiAlH4
  +  
6
[H]
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
         

Go To Reaction Data Page

3
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
HCl(conc)
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
HNO3|H2SO4
concentrated
         
  +  
[HSO4]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
AlCl3
         
  +  
[AlCl4]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
AlCl3
         
  +  
[AlCl4]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
Fe2O3
  +  
3
H2
         
2
Fe
  +  
3
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
MgO
  +  
2
HCl
         
MgCl2
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

3
[MnO4]2–
  +  
4
H+
         
2
[MnO4]–
  +  
MnO2
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

2

[Co(NH3)6]2+
  +  
HOOH
         
2

[Co(NH3)6]3+
  +  
2
[OH]–

Go To Reaction Data Page

[CoCl4]2–
  +  
6
H2O
         

[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page
FeSO4.7H2O
  +  
Ba(NO3)2
  +  
H2O
         
BaSO4
  +  
Fe2+
  +  
2
[NO3]–
  +  
7
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

[VCl2(H2O)4]+
  +  
2
H2O
         

[V(H2O)6]3+
  +  
2
Cl–

Go To Reaction Data Page

[VO2]+
[VO(H2O)5]3+
  +  
e–
  +  
2
H+
  +  
4
H2O
         

[VO]2+
[VO(H2O)5]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

[VO]2+
[VO(H2O)5]2+
  +  
e–
  +  
2
H+
         
V3+
  +  
6
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
         
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
NH3
         
  +  
NH4Br

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
H2O
  +  
H2SO4(aq)
         
  +  
NH3

Go To Reaction Data Page

3
Zn
  +  
K2Cr2O7
  +  
14
H+
         
3
Zn2+
  +  
2
Cr3+
  +  
2
K+
  +  
7
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

3
CH3CHO
  +  
K2Cr2O7
  +  
8
H+
         
3
CH3COOH
  +  
2
Cr3+
  +  
2
K+
  +  
4
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

6
Fe2+
  +  
K2Cr2O7
  +  
14
H+
         
6
Fe3+
  +  
2
Cr3+
  +  
2
K+
  +  
7
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page

3
CH3COOH
  +  
K2Cr2O7
  +  
14
H+
         

Go To Reaction Data Page

[CoCl4]2–
  +  
4
AgNO3
  +  
H2O
         
4
AgCl
  +  
Co2+
  +  
4
[NO3]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
CH3COCl
  +  
AgNO3
  +  
H2O
         
AgCl
  +  
CH3COOH
  +  
H+
  +  
[NO3]–

Go To Reaction Data Page
[VO]2+
  +  
e–
  +  
2
H+
         
V3+
  +  
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
[VO]2+
  +  
5
H2O
         

[VO]2+
[VO(H2O)5]2+

Go To Reaction Data Page
BaCl2
  +  
2
NaNO3
  +  
H2O
         

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
Cu2+
  +  
4
I–
  +  
H2O
         
2
CuI
  +  
I2

Go To Reaction Data Page
  +  
2
H2
  +  
Ni
         

Go To Reaction Data Page
[MnO4]–
  +  
3
Fe2+
  +  
4
H+
         
MnO2
  +  
3
Fe3+
  +  
2
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
[Cr2O7]2–
  +  
6
V2+
  +  
14
H+
         
2
Cr3+
  +  
6
V3+
  +  
7
H2O

Go To Reaction Data Page
[CrO4]2–
  +  
2
AgNO3
  +  
H2O
         
Ag2CrO4
  +  
2
[NO3]–

Go To Reaction Data Page

2
Cr3+
  +  
Zn
  +  
H2O
         
2
Cr2+
  +  
Zn2+

Go To Reaction Data Page

5
  +  
2
KMnO4
  +  
6
H+
         
10
CO2
  +  
2
Mg2+
  +  
8
H2O
  +  
2
K+

Go To Reaction Data Page

© Mark R. Leach 1999 –

Queries, Suggestions, Bugs, Errors, Typos...

If you have any:

Queries
Comments
Suggestions
Suggestions for links
Bug, typo or grammatical error reports about this page,

please contact Mark R. Leach, the author, using mark@meta-synthesis.com