Interactions | Reactions | Processes

Classified as: Ligand Exchange (Inorganic)

A useful rule, devised by Linus Pauling, is that the most stable arrangement of ligands about central atom is for the atom with highest electronegativity to have the lowest electronegativity ligands, and vice versa. This relationship is seen in many ligand exchange reactions.

For more information look in the Chemogenesis webbook sections on electronegativity, substitution reactions and substitution, transfer, abstraction, displacement (STAD).
BBr3
  +  
PCl3
         
BCl3
  +  
PBr3

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2
HI
  +  
Cl2
         
2
HCl
  +  
I2

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B(OCH3)3
  +  
4
NaH
         
NaBH4
  +  
3
NaOCH3

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[BH4]–
  +  
H+
  +  
3
H2O
         
H3BO3
  +  
4
H2

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AlCl3
  +  
4
LiH
         
LiAlH4
  +  
3
LiCl

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SiCl4
  +  
LiAlH4
         
SiH4
  +  
LiCl
  +  
AlCl3

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B2O3
  +  
2
Al
  +  
3
H2
  +  
AlCl3
         
B2H6
  +  
Al2O3

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4
  +  
3
NaBH4
  +  
         
2
B2H6
  +  
3
NaBF4
  +  
4

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2
NaOH
  +  
H2S
         
Na2S
  +  
2
H2O

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3
Na2SO3
  +  
2
POCl3
         
3
SOCl2
  +  
6
Na+
  +  
2
[PO4]3–

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Ca2+
  +  
2
[OH]–
  +  
CO2
  +  
H2O
         
CaCO3
  +  
H2O

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CaCO3
  +  
CO2
  +  
H2O
  +  
H2O
         
Ca2+
  +  
2
[HCO3]–

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3
[SO3]2–
  +  
2
POCl3
         
3
SOCl2
  +  
2
[PO4]3–

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LiOH
  +  
H2S
         
LiSH
  +  
H2O

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NaOH
  +  
H2S
         
NaSH
  +  
H2O

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KOH
  +  
H2S
         
KSH
  +  
H2O

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RbOH
  +  
H2S
         
RbSH
  +  
H2O

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CsOH
  +  
H2S
         
CsSH
  +  
H2O

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2
LiOH
  +  
H2S
         
Li2S
  +  
2
H2O

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2
KOH
  +  
H2S
         
K2S
  +  
2
H2O

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2
RbOH
  +  
H2S
         
Rb2S
  +  
2
H2O

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2
CsOH
  +  
H2S
         
Cs2S
  +  
2
H2O

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Li2S
  +  
H2O
         
LiSH
  +  
LiOH

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Na2S
  +  
H2O
         
NaSH
  +  
NaOH

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K2S
  +  
H2O
         
KSH
  +  
KOH

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Rb2S
  +  
H2O
         
RbSH
  +  
RbOH

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Cs2S
  +  
H2O
         
CsSH
  +  
CsOH

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2
LiNH2
  +  
NH3
         
LiNH2
  +  
NH3

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MgO
  +  
3
C
         
MgC2
  +  
CO

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SrO
  +  
3
C
         
SrC2
  +  
CO

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BaO
  +  
3
C
         
BaC2
  +  
CO

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Al(OH)3
  +  
3
NaOH
  +  
6
HF
         
Na3AlF6
  +  
6
H2O

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B2O3
  +  
3
CaF2
  +  
3
H2SO4
         
2
BF3
  +  
3
CaSO4
  +  
3
H2O

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B2O3
  +  
6
CH3OH
         
2
B(OCH3)3
  +  
3
H2O

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H3BO3
  +  
2
[NH4]+ [FHF]–
         
NH4BF4
  +  
3
H2O
  +  
NH3

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6
NH4BF4
  +  
B2O3
         
8
BF3
  +  
3
H2O
  +  
6
NH3

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H3BO3
  +  
4
HF
  +  
H2O
         
H+ [BF4]–
  +  
3
H2O

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H3BO3
  +  
4
HF
  +  
H2O
         
H+
  +  
[BF4]–
  +  
3
H2O

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B2H6
  +  
2
NH3
         
[H3N–BH2–NH3]+
[BH4]–

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B2H6
  +  
6
CH3OH
         
2
B(OCH3)3
  +  
6
H2

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B2H6
  +  
6
Cl2
         
2
BCl3
  +  
6
HCl

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B2H6
  +  
6
Br2
         
2
BBr3
  +  
6
HBr

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BF3
  +  
3
CH3MgI
         
(CH3)3B
  +  
3
Mg2+
  +  
3
F–
  +  
3
I–

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CH4
  +  
4
S
         
CS2
  +  
2
H2S

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SiCl4
  +  
4
LiH
         
SiH4
  +  
4
LiCl

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GeCl4
  +  
LiAlH4
  +  
         
GeH4
  +  
LiCl
  +  
AlCl3

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GeO2
  +  
NaBH4
  +  
H2O
         
GeH4
  +  
NaBO2
Na3[B3O6]

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SnCl4
  +  
LiAlH4
  +  
         
SnH4
  +  
LiCl
  +  
AlCl3

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SiO2
  +  
6
HF
         
2
H+
  +  
[SiF6]2–
  +  
2
H2O

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PbO2
  +  
4
CH3COOH
         
Pb(OCOCH3)4
  +  
2
H2O

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CO2
  +  
SiF4
         
CF4
  +  
SiO2

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CS2
  +  
3
Cl2
  +  
FeCl3
         
CCl4
  +  
Cl–S–S–Cl

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CS2
  +  
2
Cl–S–S–Cl
  +  
FeCl3
         
CCl4
  +  
6
S

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3
CS2
  +  
6
Cl2
  +  
FeCl3
         
3
CCl4
  +  
6
S

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CCl2F2
  +  
F2
         
CF4
  +  
Cl2

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CCl4
  +  
2
HF
  +  
SbF3
  +  
SbCl5
         
CCl2F2
  +  
2
HCl

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CCl4
  +  
H2O
         
  +  
2
HCl

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2
Ca3(PO4)2
  +  
6
SiO2
         
2
P2O5
  +  
6
CaSiO3

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PCl3
  +  
3
H2O
         
H3PO3
  +  
3
HCl

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POCl3
  +  
3
CH3CH2OH
         
(CH3CH2O)3P=O
  +  
3
HCl

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3
RCOOH
  +  
PCl3
         
3
RCOCl
  +  
H3PO3

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3
R–OH
  +  
PCl3
         
3
RCl
  +  
H3PO3

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NH4Cl
  +  
3
Cl2
         
NCl3
  +  
4
HCl

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7
.880 NH3
  +  
3
I2
         
NI3.6NH3
  +  
3
HI

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PCl3
  +  
3
HF
         
PF3
  +  
3
HCl

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PCl3
  +  
AsF3
         
PF3
  +  
AsCl3

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P2O5
  +  
5
CaF2
         
2
PF5
  +  
5
CaO

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3
PCl5
  +  
5
AsF3
         
3
PF5
  +  
5
AsCl3

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2
As2O3
  +  
10
F2
         
4
AsF5
  +  
3
O2

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Sb2O3
  +  
6
HF
  +  
H2O
         
2
SbF3
  +  
3
H2O

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2
Sb2O3
  +  
10
F2
         
4
SbF5
  +  
3
O2

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SbCl5
  +  
5
HF
         
SbF5
  +  
5
HCl

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PCl5
  +  
4
H2O
         
H3PO4
  +  
5
HCl

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PCl5
  +  
H2O
         
POCl3
  +  
2
HCl

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ZnCl2
  +  
2
N2O4
         
Zn(NO3)2
  +  
2
NOCl

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NO2
  +  
CO
         
NO
  +  
CO2

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N2O4
  +  
2
CO
         
2
NO
  +  
2
CO2

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N2O5
  +  
NaCl
         
Cl–NO2
  +  
NaNO3

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5
H3PO4
  +  
POCl3
         
3
  +  
3
HCl

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Na2CO3
  +  
SO2
  +  
H2O
         
Na2SO3
  +  
CO2

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SOCl2
  +  
2
HBr
         
SOBr2
  +  
2
HCl

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3
SOCl2
  +  
2
SbF3
         
3
SOF2
  +  
2
SbCl3

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Ag2CO3
  +  
2
HF
         
2
AgF
  +  
CO2
  +  
H2O

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2
Na2O2
  +  
2
CO2
         
2
Na2CO3
  +  
O2

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TeF6
  +  
6
H2O
         
Te(OH)6
  +  
6
HF

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Te(OH)6
  +  
6
HI
         
TeI4
  +  
I2
  +  
6
H2O

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SeCl4
  +  
4
AgF
         
SeF4
  +  
4
AgCl

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4
BCl3
  +  
3
SF4
         
4
BF3
  +  
3
Cl2
  +  
3
SCl2

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SF4
  +  
2
H2O
         
SO2
  +  
4
HF

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SCl4
  +  
2
H2O
         
SO2
  +  
4
HCl

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6
SCl2
  +  
16
NH3
         
S4N4
  +  
12
NH4Cl
  +  
2
S

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UO2
  +  
4
HF
         
UF4
  +  
2
H2O

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Al2O3
  +  
6
HF
         
2
AlF3
  +  
3
H2O

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2
I2O5
  +  
10
F2
         
4
IF5
  +  
5
O2

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3
UO2
  +  
4
BrF3
         
3
UF4
  +  
2
Br2
  +  
3
O2

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SiO2
  +  
2
BrF5
         
SiF4
  +  
2
BrF3
  +  
O2

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CH3OH
  +  
HCl
         
CH3Cl
  +  
H2O

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Fe3O4
  +  
8
HCl
         
FeCl2
  +  
2
FeCl3
  +  
4
H2O

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(NH4)2S2O8
  +  
2
NaOH
         
Na2S2O8
  +  
2
NH3
  +  
2
H2O

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CaO
  +  
SiO2
         
CaSiO3

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2
CaF2
  +  
SiO2
  +  
2
H2SO4
         
SiF4
  +  
2
CaSO4
  +  
2
H2O

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3
SiF4
  +  
2
H2O
         
2
H2SiF6(aq)
  +  
SiO2

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Al2O3
  +  
6
HF
         
2
AlF3
  +  
3
H2O

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6
NH4F
  +  
3
NaOH
  +  
Al(OH)3
         
Na3AlF6
  +  
6
NH3
  +  
6
H2O

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Na2B4O7
  +  
6
CaF2
  +  
7
SO3
  +  
H2SO4
         
4
BF3
  +  
6
CaSO4
  +  
Na2SO4

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H3BO3
  +  
3
HF
  +  
H2SO4
         
BF3
  +  
3
H2O

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H3BO3
  +  
3
HSO3F
         
BF3
  +  
3
H2SO4

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H2S
  +  
ZnO
         
ZnS
  +  
H2O

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
         
[Cu(EDTA)]2–
  +  
6
H2O

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[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
6
NH3(aq)
         

[Cr(NH3)6]2+
  +  
6
H2O

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
NH3(aq)
         

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
  +  
4
H2O

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
Cl–
         

[CuCl4]2–
  +  
6
H2O

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[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
Cl–
         

[CoCl4]2–
  +  
6
H2O

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[MnO4]–
  +  
5
e–
  +  
8
H+
  +  
2
H2O
         

[Mn(H2O)6]2+

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[Fe(H2O)6]2+
  +  
3
         
  +  
6
H2O

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  +  
         
  +  
6

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  +  
3
         
  +  
6

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[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
3
[C2O4]2–
         
[Fe(C2O4)3]3–
  +  
6
H2O

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[Fe(H2O)6]3+
  +  
[SCN]–
         

[Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]2+
  +  
H2O

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[CrCl2(H2O)4]+
  +  
Zn
  +  
2
H2O
         

[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
Zn2+
  +  
2
Cl–

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[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
6
NH3(aq)
         

[Co(NH3)6]2+
  +  
6
H2O

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[Cu(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
NH3(aq)
         

[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
  +  
4
H2O

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[Cr(H2O)6]2+
  +  
6
NaOH(aq)
         

[Cr(OH)6]3–
  +  
6
H2O
  +  
6
Na+

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Cr(H2O)3(OH)3
Cr(OH)3
  +  
6
NH3(aq)
         

[Cr(NH3)6]2+
  +  
3
H2O
  +  
3
[OH]–

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[Co(H2O)6]2+
  +  
4
HCl(conc)
         

[CoCl4]2–
  +  
4
H+
  +  
6
H2O

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AgCl
  +  
2
NH3(aq)
         
[Ag(NH3)2]+
  +  
Cl–

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[Ag(NH3)2]+
  +  
NaBr
  +  
H2O
         
AgBr
  +  
2
NH3
  +  
Na+

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AgBr
  +  
2
Na2S2O3
  +  
H2O
         
[Ag(S2O3)2]3–
  +  
4
Na+
  +  
Br–

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AgBr
  +  
2
KCN
  +  
H2O
         
[Ag(CN)2]–
  +  
2
K+
  +  
Br–

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CaCO3
  +  
SiO2
         
CaSiO3
  +  
CO2

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© Mark R. Leach 1999 –

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